常用介词?

287 2024-06-28 20:05

in,on,with,by,for,at,about,under,of,to,into,within,throughout,inside,outside,without,considering,regarding,respecting,including,according to,because of,by means of,in addition to,in front of,in spite of,from among,from behind,at about,after about……

一、介词词义不完整,不能单独使用,常以介词短语的形式的出现在句子中。

介词短语的构成:介词+(the)+宾语

介词的宾语通常有三种情况:

名词,代词宾格或v-ing形式。如:

on the desk (名词)

for Tom (名词)

for him (代词宾格)

after running (v-ing)

介词短语的作用:作表语、状语或定语。如:

Tom is in the room. (表语) 

The boy in the room isTom. (定语)

They watch TV in the room.(状语)

二、九个常用介词的用法

1 at:在...

①在时间点:

at five o’clock 在五点钟

at noon at night at the weekend

at the age of 25, at that time,

②在小地点:

at home at the village  

at the corner at the airport

at the post office,

③在注意力方向上:

look at point at knock at

④处于某种状态:

at work at hospital

2 in:在…里

①在某空间,地点内:

in Beijing in the room in space

②在某时间段内:

in the morning in 2018 

in January in spring 

in those day in the future

③在某个时间段后(多用于将来时):

in two days 两天后

④处于…中(表状态):

Tom is in good health. 汤姆身体健康。

⑤用某种语言:

in English 用英语

in Chinese用汉语

⑥穿衣服:

in red 穿红衣服

in a red coat 穿一件红外套

⑦在方向:

in the west in direction

⑧用什么材料(名词前不用介词):

in ink用墨水 in pencil 用铅笔

3 on:在...上面

①表地点(强调面与面的接触),

on the desk on the wall

②表时间(特定的某天)

on Sunday 

on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早上

on the morning of January 7, 2018

在2018年1月7日上午(早上)

③表处于某种状态:

on fire着火;起火;在燃烧,

on duty 在值班,on sale 出售;减价出售

on show被展示,被陈列;上演

on a visit to 访问某人,参观某地

区别:in on 与at表时间 

歌诀记忆:in年in月in季节,on天,at点

at 在… (用于表示时刻,时间的某一点。)

on 在…(用于星期,某天,某一天的上午,下午,晚上,指具体的某一天时,一律用on )

in在…里面(用于表示周,月,季节,年,泛指上午,下午,晚上 如:

at five o’clock; at noon;

at night; at a quarter past five

in 1990; in September; in spring

in the morning; in a week

on Sunday; on Sunday morning; 

on a cold morning; 

on the morning of May Day

4 to 至;到; 往

①表方向(强调到达);至;到; 往

go to school the way to 

②表示接受者:Give that to me.

③某人对某事的反应或态度:

To my surprise 使我吃惊的是 

to my joy 使我高兴的是

④to+ 动词原形,构成不定式(此时to不是介词)

I want to go home now.我现在想回家。

区别:

介词in, to, on在方位名词前的区别 :

内in 接on 分离to 即

①in 表示某地在某地范围之内 

② to 表示某地在某地范围之外 

③ on 表示某地与某地相邻、接壤 

Tianjin is (lies) in the east of China. 

天津在中国东部.  

Japan is (lies) to the east of China. 

日本位于中国的东面 

Mongolia is (lies) on the north of China.  

蒙古国位于中国北边。

5 for 为,为了

① 表动作的对象:

for Tom 为了汤姆

for the people为了人民

② 表动作的方向:

leave for Nanyan 动身去南阳

③ 表动作的目的:

ask for help 寻求帮助

go there for lunch 去那吃午饭

eat bread for breakfast

吃面包做为早饭

for sale 供出售;待售

for free 义务地;无偿地;免费地

④引出动作持续的时间段:

注意此时for没词意:

keep it for two weeks 

stay there for five years

⑤表动作的原因:

thank you for your help 

sorry for saying that

6 by 被,由;在…附近

①表方式:

by bike 骑自行车

by hand 用手工 

by oneself 单独;独自;亲自

by heart 牢记,凭记忆,用心

②表在...附近:

by the river 在河边

③表动作的的执行者:

by Tom by Luxun

④表表时间,不迟于 

by the end of ... 到 ... 时为止,在 ... 之前  

by evening 晚上前

⑤表原因,由于:

 by mistake 错误地

7 with与…一起

①与…一起, 和…:

with his son 和他的儿子一起

with his parents 与他的父母一起

②表带着…,有…的,长着...:

the girl with long hair 长头发的女孩

tea with sugar 加糖的茶水

③表用(工具、手段、材料) (名词前用介词):

with a pen 用一支钢笔

④表拥有某物 

a man with a lot of money

 一个有着很多钱的男人

⑤表同时,或同一方向,“随着”

The big ship is sailing with the wind .

这个大船正随风向航行.

And with the last words ,she turned away.

随着最后一句话说完,他转身离开了

⑥表示在...之下

With one’s help

= with the help of sb 在某人的帮助下

8 of ...的 

of 构成的短语通常做定语

①of + 名词构成介词短语大多做定语修饰其前的名词。根据名词的意思,该短语就译为“...的”如:

of the boy 男孩的

the name of the boy男孩的名字

of the desk 桌子的

the leg of the desk 桌子的腿

a history of 2000 years 两千年的历史 

the surface of the earth 地球的表面

②与其它词构成表数量的短语修饰其后的名词(尤其是不可数名词)

two bottles of milk 两瓶牛奶

a bag of rice一袋米

plenty of water 足够多的水

a cup of tea一杯茶

a piece of paper一张纸

a pair of trousers一条裤子

a group of boys一群男孩

③of great +名词(=名词的同根形容词) 构成的介词短语做表语。如:

The book is of great use.

= The book is useful. 这本书非常有用。

9 from 来自... 

①表出处、来源:出自,来自,从…而来

Tom is from Shanghai. 汤姆来自上海。

a teacher from Beijing 来自北京的老师

②表示地点的起点: 从... 

He ran all the way home from school. 

他从学校一路跑回家。

③表示时间“从...开始”“始于” 

from ... to/till ..... 从...到....  

from morning to evening 从早到晚  

from 1:00 to 5:00 从一点到五点

from door to door从一家到另一家   

from one to a hundred从一到一百

They are out together with their friends from morning till night.

他们整天和朋友们待在外边.

④ from ... on 从...起  

from now on 从现在起

from tomorrow on 从明天起

⑤ 表示“离...远”:

具体距离 + from +地点 离某地有多远;

be far from sth 离...远

My school is far from my home.

学校离我家很远。

Beijing is 2000 km from Guangzhou.

北京离广州有2千公里。  

⑥表示避免、阻止以免做某事:...from doing sth

keep sb from doing 

prevent sb from doing sth; 

protect sb from doing sth

⑦表示原料、材料)用,由

Paper is made from wood. 纸用木材做原料。

⑧from 与其它介词短语连用

from behind 从...后面 

He came out from behind the door.

他从门后走出来了。

from under从底下 

The old man brought it out from under the bed. 

老人把它从床下取出来了。

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