in,on,with,by,for,at,about,under,of,to,into,within,throughout,inside,outside,without,considering,regarding,respecting,including,according to,because of,by means of,in addition to,in front of,in spite of,from among,from behind,at about,after about……
一、介词词义不完整,不能单独使用,常以介词短语的形式的出现在句子中。
介词短语的构成:介词+(the)+宾语
介词的宾语通常有三种情况:
名词,代词宾格或v-ing形式。如:
on the desk (名词)
for Tom (名词)
for him (代词宾格)
after running (v-ing)
介词短语的作用:作表语、状语或定语。如:
Tom is in the room. (表语)
The boy in the room isTom. (定语)
They watch TV in the room.(状语)
二、九个常用介词的用法
1 at:在...
①在时间点:
at five o’clock 在五点钟
at noon at night at the weekend
at the age of 25, at that time,
②在小地点:
at home at the village
at the corner at the airport
at the post office,
③在注意力方向上:
look at point at knock at
④处于某种状态:
at work at hospital
2 in:在…里
①在某空间,地点内:
in Beijing in the room in space
②在某时间段内:
in the morning in 2018
in January in spring
in those day in the future
③在某个时间段后(多用于将来时):
in two days 两天后
④处于…中(表状态):
Tom is in good health. 汤姆身体健康。
⑤用某种语言:
in English 用英语
in Chinese用汉语
⑥穿衣服:
in red 穿红衣服
in a red coat 穿一件红外套
⑦在方向:
in the west in direction
⑧用什么材料(名词前不用介词):
in ink用墨水 in pencil 用铅笔
3 on:在...上面
①表地点(强调面与面的接触),
on the desk on the wall
②表时间(特定的某天)
on Sunday
on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早上
on the morning of January 7, 2018
在2018年1月7日上午(早上)
③表处于某种状态:
on fire着火;起火;在燃烧,
on duty 在值班,on sale 出售;减价出售
on show被展示,被陈列;上演
on a visit to 访问某人,参观某地
区别:in on 与at表时间
歌诀记忆:in年in月in季节,on天,at点
at 在… (用于表示时刻,时间的某一点。)
on 在…(用于星期,某天,某一天的上午,下午,晚上,指具体的某一天时,一律用on )
in在…里面(用于表示周,月,季节,年,泛指上午,下午,晚上 如:
at five o’clock; at noon;
at night; at a quarter past five
in 1990; in September; in spring
in the morning; in a week
on Sunday; on Sunday morning;
on a cold morning;
on the morning of May Day
4 to 至;到; 往
①表方向(强调到达);至;到; 往
go to school the way to
②表示接受者:Give that to me.
③某人对某事的反应或态度:
To my surprise 使我吃惊的是
to my joy 使我高兴的是
④to+ 动词原形,构成不定式(此时to不是介词)
I want to go home now.我现在想回家。
区别:
介词in, to, on在方位名词前的区别 :
内in 接on 分离to 即
①in 表示某地在某地范围之内
② to 表示某地在某地范围之外
③ on 表示某地与某地相邻、接壤
Tianjin is (lies) in the east of China.
天津在中国东部.
Japan is (lies) to the east of China.
日本位于中国的东面
Mongolia is (lies) on the north of China.
蒙古国位于中国北边。
5 for 为,为了
① 表动作的对象:
for Tom 为了汤姆
for the people为了人民
② 表动作的方向:
leave for Nanyan 动身去南阳
③ 表动作的目的:
ask for help 寻求帮助
go there for lunch 去那吃午饭
eat bread for breakfast
吃面包做为早饭
for sale 供出售;待售
for free 义务地;无偿地;免费地
④引出动作持续的时间段:
注意此时for没词意:
keep it for two weeks
stay there for five years
⑤表动作的原因:
thank you for your help
sorry for saying that
6 by 被,由;在…附近
①表方式:
by bike 骑自行车
by hand 用手工
by oneself 单独;独自;亲自
by heart 牢记,凭记忆,用心
②表在...附近:
by the river 在河边
③表动作的的执行者:
by Tom by Luxun
④表表时间,不迟于
by the end of ... 到 ... 时为止,在 ... 之前
by evening 晚上前
⑤表原因,由于:
by mistake 错误地
7 with与…一起
①与…一起, 和…:
with his son 和他的儿子一起
with his parents 与他的父母一起
②表带着…,有…的,长着...:
the girl with long hair 长头发的女孩
tea with sugar 加糖的茶水
③表用(工具、手段、材料) (名词前用介词):
with a pen 用一支钢笔
④表拥有某物
a man with a lot of money
一个有着很多钱的男人
⑤表同时,或同一方向,“随着”
The big ship is sailing with the wind .
这个大船正随风向航行.
And with the last words ,she turned away.
随着最后一句话说完,他转身离开了
⑥表示在...之下
With one’s help
= with the help of sb 在某人的帮助下
8 of ...的
of 构成的短语通常做定语
①of + 名词构成介词短语大多做定语修饰其前的名词。根据名词的意思,该短语就译为“...的”如:
of the boy 男孩的
the name of the boy男孩的名字
of the desk 桌子的
the leg of the desk 桌子的腿
a history of 2000 years 两千年的历史
the surface of the earth 地球的表面
②与其它词构成表数量的短语修饰其后的名词(尤其是不可数名词)
two bottles of milk 两瓶牛奶
a bag of rice一袋米
plenty of water 足够多的水
a cup of tea一杯茶
a piece of paper一张纸
a pair of trousers一条裤子
a group of boys一群男孩
③of great +名词(=名词的同根形容词) 构成的介词短语做表语。如:
The book is of great use.
= The book is useful. 这本书非常有用。
9 from 来自...
①表出处、来源:出自,来自,从…而来
Tom is from Shanghai. 汤姆来自上海。
a teacher from Beijing 来自北京的老师
②表示地点的起点: 从...
He ran all the way home from school.
他从学校一路跑回家。
③表示时间“从...开始”“始于”
from ... to/till ..... 从...到....
from morning to evening 从早到晚
from 1:00 to 5:00 从一点到五点
from door to door从一家到另一家
from one to a hundred从一到一百
They are out together with their friends from morning till night.
他们整天和朋友们待在外边.
④ from ... on 从...起
from now on 从现在起
from tomorrow on 从明天起
⑤ 表示“离...远”:
具体距离 + from +地点 离某地有多远;
be far from sth 离...远
My school is far from my home.
学校离我家很远。
Beijing is 2000 km from Guangzhou.
北京离广州有2千公里。
⑥表示避免、阻止以免做某事:...from doing sth
keep sb from doing
prevent sb from doing sth;
protect sb from doing sth
⑦表示原料、材料)用,由
Paper is made from wood. 纸用木材做原料。
⑧from 与其它介词短语连用
from behind 从...后面
He came out from behind the door.
他从门后走出来了。
from under从底下
The old man brought it out from under the bed.
老人把它从床下取出来了。
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